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Charlwood Lawton (1660–1721) was an English lawyer and phrase-making pamphleteer, a Whig of Jacobite views. He invented the term "Whiggish Jacobite", used to point out the difference between those who shared his opinions (who included Sir James Montgomery, 4th Baronet and Robert Ferguson), and the nonjuror faction. After the Battle of La Hogue of 1692, the exiled James II of England became more receptive to Lawton's range of arguments. Lawton promoted "civil comprehension", i.e. the removal of all religious tests for the holding of public office.〔Monod, Paul Kleber, ''Jacobitism and the English People, 1688-1788'' (Cambridge University Press, 1993, ISBN 978-0-521-44793-5), (pp. 23-26 ), accessed 17 June 2013〕 He was a prolific author of subversive literature, to whom some uncertain attributions are made. He is credited with the concept that the Glorious Revolution was a constitutional charade that fell short of its ideals.〔Glickman, p. 823.〕 ==Life== He was the son of Ralf Lawton, of Egham, Surrey, surgeon general in the army. He entered as a fellow commoner Wadham College, Oxford, 23 August 1677. He matriculated on 7 December 1677, but left university without taking a degree. He became involved in Monmouth's Rebellion of 1685, and had to lie low. For a time he then lived near Windsor Forest.〔Erskine-Hill (Pope), p. 141–2.〕 Lawton became acquainted with William Penn by a chance meeting on a coach in the summer of 1686, and the two remained friends for life. William Popple met Penn in 1687, at Windsor where he was staying with Lawton.〔Robbins, p. 203.〕 Lawton was called to the bar from the Middle Temple in 1688. Aaron Smith was a militant Whig for whom Lawton procured a royal pardon, through Penn, in 1688, and John Trenchard another in the same year; according to Lawton's memoir of Penn, the Smith pardon preceded the Trenchard pardon.〔Sydney George Fisher, ''The true William Penn'' (1900) p. 264; (archive.org. )〕 After the Revolution, Lawton met the Jacobite envoy Richard Graham, 1st Viscount Preston in 1690.〔Monod, p. 298.〕 Preston being a Protestant loyalist to King James, and Lawton's faction being a counterweight to the Catholic influence on the exile king, it was a setback when Preston and John Ashton were arrested on a journey to see him (the so-called Whig-Jacobite Plot).〔Szechi, p. 616.〕 Lawton corresponded with John Drummond, 1st Earl of Melfort from 1692.〔Monod, p. 298.〕 Subsequently Lawton was in touch with King James's more moderate adviser Charles Middleton, 2nd Earl of Middleton.〔Erskine-Hill (Literature), p. 24 note 27.〕 He also canvassed for support among the Green Ribbon Club, and flattered Sir William Whitlock, who was in transition to becoming a Jacobite Tory.〔Monod, p. 300.〕 At the time of the 1696 assassination plot against William III, Lawton was implicated by name as a go-between for James II and Parliament.〔Monod, pp. 304–5.〕 Lawton acted in 1700 as Penn's agent in London. At this point, which was during Penn's second visit to Pennsylvania, he was facing determined opposition, in particular from Jeremiah Basse and Edward Randolph.〔Olson, p. 182.〕 Lawton was tasked with assembling a group of Penn's supporters from his English network, and this involved contacting Robert Harley. Others to be brought in were Sir Edward Seymour, 4th Baronet, Sir Christopher Musgrave, 4th Baronet, and Sir John Lowther, 2nd Baronet, of Whitehaven. Penn was concerned to have his reputation boosted by a pamphlet with a show of strength from the Tory ranks.〔Olson, p. 188.〕 Lawton then became a close adviser to Harley. Lawton's continuing good relations with the nonjurors were illustrated by a dedication or address of a section in ''Linguarum veterum septentrionalium thesaurus'' after 1701; this was the work of George Hickes, one of the pinnacles of nonjuror scholarship, and Lawton was substituted for the late Bartholomew Shower, a Tory lawyer. Not a practicing barrister, he knew prominent lawyers, including John Somers and George Treby; Lawton lobbied Somers over the private act on behalf of John Burke, 9th Earl of Clanricarde.〔(TNA, ''Somers Cocks Family of Reigate Priory''. )〕 At the time of his death, on 18 June 1721, Lawton was described as "of Northampton". 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Charlwood Lawton」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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